Animal research in recent times
In scientific terms, animals are multicellular organisms that consume organic material for growth, use oxygen for respiration, and pass the blastula period during embryonic development. Similarity in physical characteristics (phenotypes) and genetic characteristics (genotype) suggests strong evolutionary link between other animals and humans. This similarity is predominantly seen in mammals, which are animals that feed milk to their infants. Thus, research is greatly facilitated if animals are used as model organisms for trials of novel drugs or therapies. However, due to ethical and legal concerns and rapid advancements in biological sciences; the overall use of higher animals for research is likely to decline in the 21 st century. No responsible researcher wants to harm animals in any way. In 1959, Russel and Burch introduced the 3 R’s of animal research: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. These principles were designed to serve as a foundation for the development of future